Linking emotional intelligence and transformational leadership: an application to technology sector firms’ leaders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7769/gesec.v13i4.1569Palavras-chave:
Emotional Intelligence, Transformational Leadership, Technology Sector, Structural Equations Modeling (SEM)Resumo
This study aims to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership.This exploratory and transversal study takes a quantitative methodological approach based on survey data from 180 Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) technology sector leaders. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation model (SEM).The results demonstrated a positive and significant relationship between three emotional intelligence dimensions (SEA - self-emotion appraisal, OEA - others emotion appraisal and UE - use of emotions) and transformational leadership (TL). However, the relationship between intelligence dimension regulation of emotions (RE) and transformational leadership was not supported.This study differs from the others as it seeks to establish relationships between emotional intelligence dimensions’ and transformational leadership rather than treating the emotional intelligence’s construct as a whole. Therefore, considering the scarce literature relating to the mentioned constructs fills the literature’s lack. Its applicability in the Portuguese technology sector SMEs is also an innovative factor. We recommend that future studies explore the relevance of digital services for the enhancement of the linkage between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership.
Downloads
Referências
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3250961
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1998). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Antonakis, J. (2012). Transformational and Charismatic Leadership. In D. V. Day, & J. Antonakis (Eds.), The Nature of Leadership (pp. 256-288). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Bar-On, R., & Parker, J. D. A. (Eds.). (2000). The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace. Jossey-Bass.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research & Managerial Applications (third edition). New York: The Free Press.
Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence. Journal of Management Development, 28(9), 749–770. http://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910987647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710910987647
Cherniss, C., & Goleman, D. (2001). The Emotionally Intelligence Workplace. Jossey Bass: San Francisco.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares approach to structural equation modelling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher.
Christensen, C. M., Allworth, J., & Dillon, K. (2012). Como avalia a sua vida? Alfragide: Lua de Papel.
Dhoopar, A., Sihag, P., Kumar, A., & Suhag, A. K. (2022). Organizational resilience and employee performance in COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating effect of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(1), 130–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2261
Ehrnrooth, M., Barner-Rasmussen, W., Koveshnikov, A., & Törnroos, M. (2021). A fresh look at the relationships between transformational leadership and employee attitudes—Does a high-performance work system substitute and/or enhance these relationships? Human Resource Management, 60(3), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22024
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobserved variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 91-109. https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3020&context=cais DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01605
Gilar-Corbi, R., Pozo-Rico, T., Sanchez, B., & Castejon, J. L. (2019). Can emotional intelligence be improved? A randomized experimental study of a business-oriented EI training program for senior managers. PLoS ONE, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224254
Goleman, D. (2020a). Inteligência Emocional. Maia: Círculo de Leitores.
Goleman, D. (2020b). Trabalhar com Inteligência Emocional. Lisboa: Temas e Debates.
Gonzaga, A. R., & Rodrigues, M. C. (2018). Inteligência Emocional nas Organizações. http://livrariavirtual.unilasalle.edu.br
Görgens-Ekermans, G., & Roux, C. (2021). Revisiting the emotional intelligence and transformational leadership debate: (How) does emotional intelligence matter to effective leadership? Sa Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1279
Gottfredson, R. K., & Aguinis, H. (2017). Leadership behaviors and follower performance: Deductive and inductive examination of theoretical rationales and underlying mechanisms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(4), 558-591. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2152
Hair, J., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). London, UK: Sage.
Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C., & Gudergan (2017). Advanced Issues in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). London, UK: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-1
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hunter, J. C. (2020). O Monge e o Executivo: Uma história sobre a essência da Liderança. Lisboa: Marcador.
Hurduzeu, R. E. (2015). The impact of leadership on organizational performance. SEA–Practical Application of Science, III(1/07), 289-293.
Jyoti, J., & Bhau, S. (2015). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance: Mediating Role of Leader–Member Exchange and Relational Identification. Sage Open, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015612518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015612518
Khan Waglay, M., & Becker, J. (2020). The role of emotional intelligence in transformational leadership: A leader-member exchange perspective. Magister Baccalaureus, University of the Western Cape. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/
Leite, C., & Rua, O. L. (2022). Linking Transformational Leadership and Firm Performance: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10, 1900-1922. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2022.104098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2022.104098
Mahon, E. G., Taylor, S. N., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2014) Antecedents of organizational engagement: exploring vision, mood and perceived organizational support with emotional intelligence as a moderator. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01322
Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York, NY. Basic Books.
Mura, L., Zsigmond, T., & Machová, R. (2021). The effects of emotional intelligence and ethics of SME employees on knowledge sharing in Central-European countries. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 907–934. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.030
Nguyen, Q., Ladkin, A., & Osman, H. (2022). What helps or hinders the emotional intelligence practice? A study of Vietnamese hotel workers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(2), 534–554. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2021-0510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2021-0510
O’Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. (2011). The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 32, 788-818. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.714
Özdemir, G. (2020). The Effect Social Intelligence Levels of School Principals on Their Leadership Behaviours: A Mixed Method Research. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 5(8), 270-300. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.59 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoecc.59
Pekaar, K. A., Bakker, A. B., van der Linden, D., & Born, M. P. (2018). Self- and other-focused emotional intelligence: Development and validation of the Rotterdam Emotional Intelligence Scale (REIS). Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.045
Pestana, M. H. & Gageiro, J.N. (2010). Análise de dados para ciências socais: a complementaridade do SPSS (5a ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo.
Podsakoff, P., Mackenzie, S., Moorman, R., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
Rahim, M. A., Ma, Z., Quah, C. S., Rahman, M. S., Jasimuddin, S. M., Shaw, L., & Ozyilmaz, A. (2019). Intelligent entrepreneurship and firm performance: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 17(4), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-019-00252-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-019-00252-5
Rezende, H. (2010). A Liderança Transformacional e Transaccional e as suas Influências nos Comportamentos de Cidadania Organizacional. Manuscrito não publicado. Lisboa: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
Rua, O.M. & Araújo, J.M. (2016). Linking transformational leadership and organizational trust: has organizational commitment a mediating effect on it? Cuadernos de Gestión, 16(1), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.140484om DOI: https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.140484om
SABI (2018). Sistema de Análisis de Balances Ibéricos. Madrid: Bureau Van Dijk.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
Sehgal, R., Balasubramanian, S., & Chanchaichujit, J. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee innovation: Examining the congruence of leader and follower perceptions. Journal of General Management, 47(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070211013337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070211013337
Silva, T., Rua, O.L., & Monteiro, A.P. (2021). Intraempreendedorismo e Desempenho Individual: Um Estudo Empírico do Setor Tecnológico Português. Portuguese Journal of Finance, Management and Accounting. 7(13), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.54663/2183-3826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29073/e3.v7i1.355
Songer, A., Chinowsky, P., & Butler, C. (2006). Emotional intelligence and leadership behavior in construction executives. Proceedings of the 2nd Specialty Conference on Leadership and Management in Construction, Bahamas, 248-258.
Sunindijo, R. Y., Hadikusumo, B., & Ogunlana, S. (2007). Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Styles in Construction Project Management. Journal of Management in Engineering, 23, 166-170. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2007)23:4(166), 166-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2007)23:4(166)
Taouab, O., & Issor, Z. (2019). Firm Performance: Definition and Measurement Models. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(1), 93-106. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n1p93 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n1p93
Thompson, G., Buch, R., Thompson, P. M. M., & Glasø, L. (2021). The impact of transformational leadership and interactional justice on follower performance and organizational commitment in a business context. Journal of General Management, 46(4), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307020984579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306307020984579
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and Its Uses. Harper’s Magazine, 140, 227-235. https://www.gwern.net/docs/iq/1920-thorndike.pdf
Tran, T. B. H., & Vu, A. D. (2021). Transformational leadership versus shared leadership for effectiveness. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 26(2), 143–171. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2021.26.2.7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2021.26.2.7
Waglay, M., Becker, J. R., & du Plessis, M. (2020). The role of emotional intelligence and autonomy in transformational leadership: A leader member exchange perspective. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 46(1), 1-2. https://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v46i0.1762
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
Yucel, I. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Turnover Intentions: The Mediating Role of Employee Performance during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Administrative Sciences, 11(3), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11030081
Zhu, F., Wang, X., Wang, L., & Yu, M. (2021). Project manager’s emotional intelligence and project performance: The mediating role of project commitment. International Journal of Project Management, 39(7), 788–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2021.08.002
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
• 1. The author(s) authorize the publication of the article in the journal.
• 2. The author(s) ensure that the contribution is original and unpublished and is not being evaluated in other journal(s).
• 3. The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts expressed in the texts because they are the sole responsibility of the author(s).
• 4. The publishers reserve the right to make adjustments and textual adaptation to the norms of APA.
• 5. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
• 6. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access) at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html